A single checksum will not isolate the faulty chip. It will only indicate that there is an error in one of the chips. On first digit entry, the register state is On second digit entry the register state is The purpose of the switch memory is to store a 4-digit security code and permit easy code change. Typically, an exclusive-OR gate is used to determine the polarity of the output. When a 1 is applied to one input of the XOR gate, the output of the XOR is the complement of the signal on the other input.
When a 0 is applied to one input of the XOR, the signal on the output of the XOR is the same as the signal on the other input. Since the D0 upper input of MUX 5 is selected, the macrocell is configured for combinational logic. Since the D1 lower input of MUX 5 is selected, the macrocell is configured for registered logic.
The macrocell is configured for registered logic because the D1 input of MUX 8 is selected, allowing the flip-flop output to pass through. Each CLB is made up of a number of logic modules with a local interconnect. Each logic module typically consists of a look-up table LUT and associated logic. From the output of Capture register A, the data go through the upper MUX and are clock into Capture register B on the trailing edge of the clock pulse. The data from the internal programmable logic pass through the selected MUX and through the output buffer to the pin.
The data are applied to the input pin and go through the selected MUX to the internal programmable logic. From the output of Capture register A, the data go through the upper MUX and are clocked into Capture register B on the trailing edge of the clock pulse. The data also appear on the SDO. The bold-faced code will appear on the logic inputs in the sequence shown. Only four are needed to produce the complements of A, B, C, and D.
Two can be eliminated. One can be eliminated. Output of 3-bit converter: , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , Comment Greater than Vin. Reset MSB. Less than Vin. Keep the 1. Equal to Vin. Keep the 1 final state. The purpose of analog-to-digital conversion is to change an analog signal into a sequence of digital codes that represent the amplitude of the analog signal with respect to time.
The purpose of digital-to-analog conversion is to change a sequence of digital codes into an analog signal represented by the digital codes.
Program address generate PG. The program address is generated by the CPU. Program address send PS. The program address is sent to the memory. Program access ready wait PW. A memory read operation occurs. Program fetch packet receive PR. The CPU receives the packet of instructions. Instruction dispatch DP : Instruction packets are split into execute packets and assigned to functional units; Instruction decode DC : Instructions are decoded.
A bus is a set of physical connections over which data and other information is transferred in a computer according to a standard set of specifications. A port is a physical interface on a computer through which data is passed to and from peripherals. The basic elements of a microprocessor are arithmetic logic unit ALU , instruction decoder, control unit, and register array. A microprocessor performs arithmetic operations, logic operations, data movements, and decision functions.
Groups of Pentium instructions are: data transfer, arithmetic and logic, bit manipulation, loops and jumps, strings, subroutines and interrupts, and control. Pipelining is the process by which a microprocessor begins executing the next instruction before the previous instruction has been completed.
Multitasking is the process of executing more than one program at a time. Multithreading is the process of executing different parts threads of a single program simultaneously. Pipelining is the process of fetching and executing at the same time so that more than one instruction can be processed simultaneously.
The code segment CS register contains 0F05 and the instruction pointer contains A flag is a bit stored in the flag register that is set or cleared by the processor. A flag indicates a status or a control condition. A status flag is an indicator of a condition after an arithmetic or logic operation.
A control flag alters processor operations under certain conditions. The flowchart in Figure shows the process for adding numbers from one to ten and saving the results in a memory location named TOTAL. The flowchart in Figure shows how you can count the number of bytes in a string and place the count in a memory location called COUNT.
When the instruction mov ax, [bx] is executed, the word in memory pointed to by the bx register is copied to the ax register. A compiler is a program that compiles or translates a program written in high-level language and converts it to machine code. The local bus is the collection of buses interfacing directly with the processor. The PCI bus is used for expansion devices and is connected to the local bus through a bus controller.
Plug-and-Play refers to self-configuring hardware that can be installed into and used in a computer system without the need for manual installation of jumpers or setting of switches. ISA is an 8- or bit 8.
PCI supports 3. DCE stands for data communications equipment, such as a modem. DTE stands for data terminal equipment, such as a computer. Since there are eight instruments already on the bus and the limit is fourteen, six more instruments can be connected. A controller is sending data to two listeners. The first two bytes of data 3F and 41 go to the listener with address A.
The second two bytes go to the listener with address B. The network in a can operate at the highest frequency because the driving gate has fewer loads.
ON: high voltage on base forward-biases the base-emitter junction. OFF: insufficient voltage on base to forward-bias the base-emitter junction. OFF: emitter is more positive than the base which reverse-biases the base-emitter junction.
OFF: base and emitter at same voltage. No forward bias. Connect the unused input of the NOR gate to ground. Connect a pull-up resistor to the open collector of the NOR gate value depends on load. The driving gate output is LOW, it is sinking current from 2 unit loads. G1 output is HIGH, it is sourcing 6 unit loads. Worst case for determining minimum Rp is when only one gate is sinking all of the current 40 mA maximum. For 10 UL: For each gate:. Segment d is used in letters b, C, d, and E.
The hexadecimal code for each letter is as follows: b—; C—; d—; E— Segment e is used in letters A, b, C, d, and E. The hexadecimal code for each letter is as follows: A—; b—; C—; d—; E— The expression for segment e is.
The hexadecimal code for each letter is as follows: A—; b—; C—; E— The expression for segment f is. Segment g is used in letters A, b, d, and E.
The hexadecimal code for each letter is as follows: A—; b—; d—; E— The expression for segment g is. An inverter in each segment output will provide an active-HIGH.
The additional input to the outlet valve control is T for temperature. The corn syrup must be at a specified temperature for proper viscosity before the syrup can be released into the mixing vat. Once the tank starts draining, the outlet value remains open on until the minimum level is reached. The temperature control circuit could be modified by eliminating the LSD in the BCD code for the measured temperature.
The system remains in the first state 00 for 25 s if there is a vehicle on the side street or as long as there is no vehicle on the side street. The expression for the condition producing a transition from the first state to the second state is TLVs. If system is in first state , it goes immediately to second state for 4 s and then to fifth state for 15 s and then back to first state If system is in third state , it goes immediately to fourth state for 4 s and then to fifth state for 15 s and then back to first state If system is in either second or fourth states, the short timer is retriggerd and the system remains in that state for another 4 s before going to the fifth state.
The resistor and capacitor values for the 25 s timer are determined as follows. The resistor and capacitor values for the 4 s timer are determined as follows. The resistor and capacitor values for the 10 kHz oscillator are determined as follows. Real time is determined by connecting a Multisim probe to the one-shot output and measuring its ontime. Simulation time is determined by connecting a virtual oscilloscope to the one-shot output and measuring the pulse-width.
The combinational logic portion of the system was modified in Chapter 6 to accommodate a pedestrian input to turn both lights red for 15 s. To accomplish this exercise, the student must recognize that the timing circuits and the sequential logic must also be modified.
Timing circuit modification: An additional timer configured as a one-shot with a 15 s output pulse is addded:. Sequential logic modification: A third flip-flop is added.
First, the next-state table is modified to accommodate the pedestrian input P. Karnaugh map simplification would not be feasible. If you wish to minimize the expressions, the Quine-McCluskey method can be used but will be left as an exercise that can be assigned to students. The purpose of the OR gate is to produce a trigger when a key is pressed in order to generate the clock pulses for the system. The security code logic can be modified for a 5-digit code by moving the HIGH parallel input of shift register C back one position.
It would then take five clock pulses to shift the 1 to the output. The memory and code selection logic can be modified for a 5-bit code by adding a DIP switch with resistor pull-ups, four more AND gates, changing the OR gates to five inputs, and changing the shift register from four bits to five bits. The waveform for SEGe is shown in the following figure. The waveform for SEGf is shown in the following figure.
The waveform for SEGg is shown in the following figure. Laboratory Instrument Familiarization Instructor Multisim Solutions There are Multisim files for Multisim 9 and Multisim 10 files for seven experiments 5, 8, 10, 12, 18, 19, and 23 on the companion website.
Within 48 hours after registering, you will receive a confirming e-mail, including an instructor access code. Once you have received your code, go to the site and log on for full instructions on downloading the materials you wish to use. The Multisim suffix is. The circuit restrictions password that will allow faults to be revealed is df10lm for both Multisim versions. The circuit and fault descriptions are as follows: File name Expnf.
To simulate the operation, open the LL switch tank is filling , then open the LH switch tank full. Close the LH switch and note that the valve remains open until LL is closed. A MUX is used in this problem. Glitches are easily seen in Multisim, but they are more difficult to see in lab. The logic analyzer is used in place of LEDs on the output.
The circuit is the J-K counter in Figure with no faults. Experiment 1: Laboratory Instrument Familiarization Data and Observations Data and the number of significant figures will vary according to signal generator and measurement equipment. Sample measured data is shown. TABLE This current can be traced through R1 and R2 and back to the supply using a logic pulser and current tracer as shown in Figure Evaluation and Review Questions 1.
The circuit can be damaged if the wrong voltage is connected to it. Vertical section: sets the amplitude of the input signal and develops voltages for display section; it sends signals to the trigger section. Trigger section: causes the start of the acquisition of the waveform. A stable display requires the trigger to occur at the same point on the waveform for each acquisition.
Horizontal section: controls the time base. Display section: changes the intensity or other display parameters. A probe from each channel is connected across the ungrounded component. All grounds are connected to the circuit ground. The scope is configured to measure the difference between the two channels. This will vary between scope types; it sometimes requires the channels to be added with one channel inverted. The voltage at pin 3 and the LED are identical. No voltage appears at the LED but pin 3 is okay.
A digital oscilloscope is typically as accurate as a DMM and allows detection of noise or ripple with a power supply. A DMM is typically more portable. An analog scope is not as accurate as a DMM but does not show potential problems such as noise or ripple.
A digital scope may be as accurate as a DMM because of automated measurement capability and gives more information than a DMM about potential problems such as the presence of noise. Pulses from the logic pulser are applied to the circuit board trace that normally carries power but with power removed. The current tracer can be moved along this line, following the path of current until the short is found.
Note that this technique can be used for any board, analog or digital. Further Investigation Results: The signals are nearly identical as shown. In the experimental circuit, a slight difference in amplitude was noted and the output is delayed by 14 ns on the leading edge and 16 ns on the trailing edge.
The time difference is due to transition time through the gates. Plot 1 Evaluation and Review Questions: 1. Two inverters in series form a buffer that can allow additional drive current from the same logic output. Step 6. The idea of this investigation is to reinforce converting a binary number to an octal number by grouping the binary bits by groups of three.
Evaluation and Review Questions: 1. Segment g open on seven segment display, open wire or resistor to g segment, bad A. Leave switches with binary and test logic at segment g. Binary is a base two weighted number system. Column values increase by powers of two. BCD is a code that represents each decimal digit with 4 binary bits. The positive root base is 8.
The equivalent gate is an XOR gate. Figures and Figure Figures and 2. The fact that an output is at a constant level does not in itself indicate a bad gate. If the circuit is not working properly, check the inputs first. LEDs on the output side do not work; those on the input side do work. The LED representing Q3 is sometimes on when it should be off. The Complement switch has no effect on the outputs. Further Investigation Results: Each time a switch is thrown, no matter which one, the LED will change states either on or off.
One input is a control input and the other is the data. This is easily seen on a truth table to the right. The other XOR input is connected to the data line as before. A load causes the output LOW to be higher. Circuit a is better. The IOH specification is exceeded in circuit b. Logic levels are specified with reference to ground and can produce incorrect logic if the ground level is wrong. The scope should be dc coupled to assure the troubleshooter knows the ground level of the signal.
Note that in some digital scopes, the ground level is shown with a small arrow to the side of the display. The transfer curve for an AND gate with inputs tied together is shown below. Select an input that should turn on the LED such as all switches closed to ground.
Verify that the output of the is HIGH. Check that the LED is inserted in the correct direction and that there is a path from the output of the through a 1.
Only Table is shown. The circuit will perform normally except is susceptible to noise. To troubleshoot the problem, put the circuit in state or and test the logic at the OR gate output and at the input of the NAND gate. MultiSim is a software which combines capture and simulation to design and validate a circuit. Combining the powerful capabilities of capture and simulation of Multisim and flexible routing of Ultiboard we can presented with MultiSim 11 Ultiboard PowerPro. With MultiSim 11 Ultiboard PowerPro you can enhance the productivity by instantly designing and prototyping the circuit design.
This software application is most suitable where the schedule is quite short and the budget is quite tight. In such situations you need to design the circuits not only in quick time but also without any errors. Dropped Device Parts 6. Fixed battery estimate in QS 7. Updated thermals from LA. Add support for LED lights Added back device specific overlays Fixed some SEPolicy denials Improved network signal strength Switched to Redfin June fp Fixed Battery Health values Added Doze support Smart charging should work not tested Merged Latest Changes from zeelog 2.
Fixed System Info no more crashes 3. Fully Fixed Smartcharging 4. Fixed some apps detecting root 5. Fixed FPS Info 6. Improved thermals 8.
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